Resumo A Indústria Gráfica existe há muitos anos e suas operações incluem serviços de impressão digital, comunicação visual, suprimentos de embalagens e materiais publicitários, ao mesmo tempo em que está envolvida no comércio de bens e serviços em todo o mundo. Este estudo inédito apresenta a quantificação das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) de uma indústria de gráfica no Brasil nos três anos de 2016, 2017 e 2018. A partir dos resultados desses três anos foi definido o ano base como referência para avaliação de resultados de um Plano de Mitigação de emissões de GEE. O Plano de Mitigação simulado previu uma redução potencial de até 50,3 % dessas emissões. A metodologia segue as recomendações do IPCC. O trabalho pretende incentivar o estudo sobre oportunidades para uma economia e produção de baixo carbono, melhorar desempenhos em boas práticas de sustentabilidade, diante das demandas ambientais para conter a intensificação do efeito estufa e do aquecimento global.

Abstract The Graphics Industry has existed for many years and its operations include digital printing services, visual communication, packaging supplies and advertising materials, while being involved in the trade of goods and services worldwide. This unprecedented study presents the quantification of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a printing industry in Brazil over the three years 2016, 2017 and 2018. From the results of these three years, the base year was defined as the reference for analyzing the results of a GHGs mitigation plan. The simulated Mitigation Plan foresees a potential reduction of up to 50.3 % of these emissions. The methodology follows the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The work aims to encourage the study of opportunities for a low-carbon economy and production, to improve performance in good sustainability practices in the face of environmental demands to contain the intensification of the greenhouse effect and global warming.

Resumen La industria de la impresión existe desde hace muchos años y sus operaciones incluyen servicios de impresión digital, comunicación visual, suministros de embalaje y materiales publicitarios, al tiempo que participa en el comercio de bienes y servicios en todo el mundo. Este estudio sin precedentes presenta la cuantificación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de una industria gráfica en Brasil en los tres años 2016, 2017 y 2018. A partir de los resultados de estos tres años, se definió el año base como referencia para evaluar los resultados de un Plan de Mitigación de emisiones de GEI. El Plan de Mitigación simulado preveía una reducción potencial de hasta el 50,3% de estas emisiones. La metodología sigue las recomendaciones del IPCC. El trabajo pretende fomentar el estudio de las oportunidades de una economía y producción bajas en carbono, mejorar el rendimiento en las buenas prácticas de sostenibilidad, dadas las exigencias medioambientales para contener la intensificación del efecto invernadero y el calentamiento global.

Most volatile organic compounds (VOC) have adverse effects on human health and the environment and react individually with different velocities and mechanisms to form ozone. The present work determined the concentration of 55 samples of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), an important subgroup of VOC, by active sampling with active carbon cartridge in the areas of Barra da Tijuca, Deodoro and Maracana between the months of December 2014 to September 2015. The samples were extracted with dichloromethane and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The percentage distribution of BTEX showed toluene as the most abundant compound in the three sites, with 54, 3% in Barra da Tijuca, 57, 4% in Deodoro and 38, 1% in the Maracana area of the total BTEX. The mean benzene/toluene (B/T) ratios were 0.12 (Maracana), 0.37 (Barra da Tijuca) and 0.23 (Deodoro), confirming the emission source as predominantly vehicular. Using reactivity scales, toluene was the compound that most contributed to the formation of ozone and benzene was less reactive than the others. The carcinogenic risk was considered indifferent in all sites.

Atmospheric processes in an urban scenario are very complex and depend on meteorological parameters, emission, transport and deposition processes and the chemical mechanism. Simple air quality models can be used to understand the main aspects of ozone formation and provide information to adopt pollution control strategies. In this work the detailed simulation of ozone concentrations using the air quality model OZIPR (Ozone Isopleth Package for Research) coupled with the SAPRC (Statewide Air Pollution Research Center) chemical model is presented. First, the methods to determine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are described as well as the statistical treatment of experimental data: Meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed and direction), concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO2 + NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3), which are needed to characterize the problem. Then, the construction and adjust of the model (base case) is detailed using, as an example, data for a typical urban area in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Finally, the limitations and the potential of the model are discussed. Clearly the quality of experimental data, mainly NOx and COVs concentrations and the COVs speciation, are a key information to obtain a correct estimation of O3 levels.

Resumo O estudo da qualidade do ar de uma cidade envolve diferentes aspectos, como as emissões, as transformações físico-químicas, a meteorologia e a topografia, tornando esse estudo altamente não linear. Em particular, as cidades brasileiras experimentam um mosaico bem distinto do panorama mundial, em função do uso de diferentes combustíveis por nossa frota veicular. Neste estudo, utilizou-se um conjunto de dados coletados por uma estação de monitoramento da qualidade do ar na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no bairro da Gávea, entre julho e outubro de 2011, em um total de 2240 observações de médias horárias de 11 variáveis. Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente, de forma descritiva e multivariada, de modo a elucidar a correlação entre as variáveis envolvidas. A estatística multivariada empregou a análise dos componentes principais e agrupamentos euclidianos e critérios de Ward. Os resultados indicaram uma alta correlação entre os poluentes primários óxidos de nitrogênio e monóxido de carbono (0,71), evidenciando que possuem a mesma origem veicular e que o monóxido de nitrogênio e o ozônio (0,66) e este com a radiação solar também estão correlacionados (0,41), corroborando a formação fotoquímica do ozônio. Outras correlações são entre a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar (0,64) e que o ozônio possui uma contribuição de localidades vizinhas, em função da dependência deste com a velocidade do vento (0,59).

Abstract The air quality study in a city involves different aspects, such as emissions, physical and chemical processes, meteorology and topography, making this study highly nonlinear. In particular, Brazilian cities experience a very different mosaic from world scenario, due to the use of different fuels by our vehicular fleet. In this study, it were used a data set collected by an air quality monitoring station in the city of Rio de Janeiro, at Gávea district, between July and October of 2011, in a total of 2,240 hourly average data set. These data were treated statistically, using a descriptive and multivariate approach in order to elucidate the correlation between the variables involved. Multivariate statistical used the principal component analysis and cluster Euclidean with Ward criteria. The results showed a strong correlation between the primary pollutants nitrogen monoxide and carbon monoxide (0.71), showing that they have the same vehicular origin and nitrogen monoxide and ozone (0.66) and this with solar radiation (0.41), corroborating the photochemical formation of ozone. Other correlation is with temperature and relative humidity (0.64) and that ozone has a contribution of neighboring localities, due to the dependence of this with the wind speed (0.59).

While criteria pollutants have established emission limits for motorcycles in Brazil, aldehydes limits have not been established and conclusive studies have not been found in the existing literature, despite the growing number of motorcycles using flex fuel in Brazil. This work presents results for the emissions of criteria pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. The motorcycle was tested with 22, 61, and 100% of ethanol in gasoline blends. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine the pre- and post-catalytic converter emissions. Aldehyde emissions directly increased with the ethanol content in the fuel blend. The tailpipe aldehyde emissions for 22, 61, and 100% of ethanol in gasoline were 3.9, 8.5, and 38.8 mg km-1, respectively. These results demonstrated that aldehyde emissions in motorcycles are not negligible, and higher emissions are observed during the cold phase of the engine.

The efficiency of U.S.EPA TO-15 Method was evaluated under typical conditions of an urban environment with natural and anthropic emission sources. The performance criteria which should be met for a system to qualify, were fulfilled: a detection limit of ≤0.2 ng for all target compounds, replicate precision for a calibration standard and ambient samples within 20%. The stability of the target compounds during storage of sampled air in canisters was also evaluated at atmospheric pressure and relative humidity of 50%. Results show that, in the sampling conditions, compounds are not stable for more than a week. For validation experiments, samples were collected at the entrance of Tijuca National Park, located at the city of Rio de Janeiro. Isoprene was selected as a marker of biogenic emissions, and aromatic compounds were selected as markers of anthropogenic emissions, primarily vehicular emissions. Then, samples were collected in Saens Peña Square, a central area in the Tijuca District, in the northern part of the city, approximately 10 km from the entrance of Tijuca National Park. Volatile organic compounds were determined and the results were compared with previous data obtained in the same local using other methods.

A new sampling method using polypropylene syringes and chemical analysis by gas chromatography was proposed and applied to determine CO2, CH4 and N2O. The samples' stability was evaluated and compared with the stability of the samples in stainless steel canisters and Tedlar® bags. This methodology was applied to a case study in the urban area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In 2012, annual averages of 507.6 ± 13.2 µmol mol-1 for CO2, 1.95 ± 0.06 µmol mol-1 for CH4 and 325.3 ± 3.4 nmol mol-1 for N2O were obtained. The results for CO2 and CH4 showed peak values in the warmer months and lower values in winter. This CO2 behavior is the opposite of that observed in studies performed in many other cities around the world and may be climate-related. CH4 and N2O inputs are probably due to the evaporation of liquid and solid waste both from landfill sites located within the city boundaries and from polluted rivers and canals. Additionally, other anthropogenic sources may be considered, such as the release of CH4 by the gas fuel network of the urban area and the emissions due to the use of compressed natural gas by light vehicles.

In different cities around the world, higher ozone concentrations are observed during weekends for various reasons. This study aims to determine the causes of this effect in the city of Rio de Janeiro based on measurements obtained at three automatic air quality monitoring stations in the Bangu, Campo Grande and Irajá neighborhoods between 2012 and 2013. Variations in the solar radiation and hourly carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, non-methane hydrocarbons, ozone and particulate matter concentrations were determined. The Bangu station showed the lowest ozone concentration differences between the weekdays and weekends (8.9%) and recorded the highest ozone concentrations and largest number of exceedances. The low ozone consumption by nitrogen oxide resulted in the high ozone concentrations at the Bangu station. In addition, the volatile organic compounds (VOC)/nitrogen oxides (NOx) ratio for this station was evaluated for each day of the week between 6 and 9 AM, and the observed VOC/NOx ratios were higher at the Campo Grande and Irajá stations. We concluded that the weekend effect occurred at all three of the evaluated stations, with greater intensity at the Campo Grande and Irajá stations. The main cause of this weekend effect is the greater reductions in NO emissions over the weekends, which increase the VOC/NOx ratio.

Atividades Físicas realizadas em ambientes fechados estão se tornando mais frequente. Estudos têm mostrado que as concentrações de poluentes em ambientes interiores são sempre maiores do que em ambiente abertos. Em locais fechados, onde são realizados exercícios de forma regular, não existe a preocupação com a qualidade do ar, principalmente quando estão sendo realizadas atividades aeróbicas. Neste estudo, foram medidas concentrações de BTEX em uma sala de spinning e as concentrações obtidas foram maiores do que as encontradas em ambientes ao ar livre. No entanto, uma atividade de pintura realizada na sala de spinning gerou concentrações elevadas de todos os BTEX , e, em particular, o tolueno teve concentrações muito maiores. No dia seguinte a realização da pintura, as concentrações de todos os BTEX tinham aumentado significativamente e a concentração de tolueno foi de 274.9 µg/m³. Após a pintura na sala de spinning, o aumento foi de 91% para o benzeno, 907% para o tolueno, 182% para o etilbenzeno, 121% para o m+p-xileno e de 128% para o o-xileno.

Indoors Physical Activities are becoming more frequent. Studies have shown that pollutants concentrations in indoor environments are always greater than in open environments. In indoor locations where regular exercise are performed, there is no concern about air quality, principally when aerobic physical activity are performed. BTEX concentrations in a spinning classroom were measured in this study and were higher than those obtained in an outdoor environment. However, a painting activity of the room revealed that all BTEX concentrations, and in particular Toluene, become much greater. In the day after, the paint concentration of all BTEX increased significantly and the concentration of toluene was 274.9 µg/m³. The BTEX concentration increased after all room was painted, and this increase was from 91% to benzene, 907% for toluene, 182% to ethylbenzene, 121% for m+p-xylene and 128% for o-xylene.